Mechanical Engineering & Documents

For making pattern, allowance is take in consideration for perfect sand casting . 1. Shrinkage or Contraction allowance In cooling process, all metal shrinkage during solidification and contract. To compensate this problem, some allowance is provided in pattern so that final casting is as per required. This type of allowance is known as Shrinkage or Contraction allowance. This allowance is further classified in two type. i. Liquid Shrinkage Reduction in volume of metal during change from liquid to solid form. To compensate this problem, riser is use. Riser feed liquid material when required. ii. Solid Shrinkage Reduction in volume when metal loose temperature. To compensate this problem, allowance is provided in pattern. 2. Draft or Taper allowance This allowance is provided in all vertical surface of pattern so that pattern is remove easily without tear or break the side of mold. 3. Distortion or Camber allowance During cooling process, stress will generate. Due...

Below terminology is use in Sand Casting . 1. Sand Mold Molds are provided with a cavity of shape of desired product. 2. Pattern Pattern is used to generate cavity in mold. It is also called as replica of final product. 3. Core It is use to generate hole and internal cavities in casting. 4. Cope In horizontal molding, top half part of mold is called cope. 5. Drag In horizontal molding, bottom half part of mold is called drag. 6. Swing In vertical molding, leading half part of mold is called swing. 7. Ram In vertical molding, back half part of mold is called ram. 8. Core Box Additional pattern required for core is known as a core box. 9. Molding Molding is a operation to prepare mold. 10. Ladle It is use to transfer molten metal to mold from furnace. 11. Melting & Pouring Melting and pouring is a process of preparing molten metal with proper composition and temperature and poured into the mold. 12. Gates It is a portion of runner where molten...

Case hardening is type of Hardening Technique . Case hardening is Heat Treatment process which is use to harden the upper layer of material while allowing inner layer soft. Upper layer is become harder as per material requirement. In this process, only upper layer become harder so this process is also known as Surface Hardening Process . Case hardening process is use to harder top layer or limited depth from top layer. Types of Case or Surface Hardening Process: Carburizing Cyaniding Nitriding

Hardening is a one of the technique of Heat Treatment Process . Use of this treatment process is to improve mechanical properties, hardness, durability. Hardening process is usually use for steel material . Working of Process: Steel material is heated up to set temperature, then cooling it to rapidly by using water, oil or brine. Most steel material is cooled by rapidly but some material can be air cooled. Types of Hardening Process: There are two types of hardening process. Case Hardening Process Flame Hardening Process

Heat treatment is a process in which heating and cooling of a metal or alloy is done in order to obtain desirable characteristics by changing physical and mechanical properties without changing its shape. Purpose of heat treatment process is to obtain desired hardness, formability, machinability etc. This process is also use to improve product performance, lifetime and so many characteristics. Type of Heat Treatment Process or Technique of Heat Treatment Process: Hardening Tempering Annealing Normalizing Carburizing Case Hardening Stress Reliving Quenching

Definition of Die Casting: Die casting is a process of producing metal part by forcing molten metal at high pressure into the mold cavity. Mold cavity is made from two hardened tool steel die. This mold cavity is previously machined to required die casting product. Working of die casting is based on injection process. Type of Die Casting: Cold Chamber Die Casting Hot Chamber Die Casting Process of Die Casting: 1. Clamping In this step both die cavity is cleaned and then clamp with high pressure. 2. Injection Molten metal is injected by force into the die cavity using very high pressure. This high pressure is hold till time required for solidify. 3. Cooling After injecting the molten metal, it must required time for solidify and cool. During this process die can not un clamp . 4. Ejection When metal is solidify then die cavity is unclamp and ejection mechanism push casting out from die. 5. Trimming In this process, excess material is remove...

Definition of Pattern: Pattern is a replica of the required casting to be cast. Pattern is used to create a cavity in mold into which molten metal is poured during the casting process. This pattern is used in sand casting process. Material used for Patten: Wood Metal Plastic Thermocol Wax (In Special Case) Plaster of Paris (In Special Case) Type of Pattern: Single Piece Pattern Split or two piece pattern Match plate pattern Cope & Drag Pattern Gated Pattern Sweep Pattern Skeleton Pattern Shell Pattern Loose Piece Pattern Flow Board Pattern Loose Piece Pattern Segmental Pattern Left & Right Hand Pattern Lagged-up Pattern Built Type Pattern Pattern Allowances

Comparison of Otto and Diesel cycle is given below:

Definition: Gyroscope is a device which use for measuring and maintaining orientation and velocity. Usually gyroscopes take the form of a disc shaped object but can be any object that produces an effective gyroscopic behavior. Most of the gyroscopes mass should be as far away from the center as possible. This often results in a disc with a large heavy rim. When the gyroscope isn’t rotating it behaves like any other object, however when the gyroscope is spun on its axis at high speed it resists movements in certain directions. Working Principle: Gyroscope is working on the principle of conservation of angular momentum, which says that, total angular momentum of a system is contain both magnitude and direction if the resultant external torque acting upon the system is zero.

Difference between internal combustion engine & external combustion engine is given below:

Sand casting is a process in which required molten metal is poured with required temperature into the sand mold. Which type of casting can manufacture from sand casting process? This process is used to produce wide verity of casting and complex in geometry. Size of this kind of casting is very from small to very large. Process of sand casting: Create Pattern for Desired Casting only one time Using Pattern, build Sand Mold in Mold Box with proper getting system Remove pattern and clamp Mold Cavity Pour molten metal in Mold Cavity Give time to pouring material for cooling Break sand mold and getting casting out Terminology use in Sand Casting